History of Fire Sprinkler Systems
So what exactly are automatic fire sprinkler systems, they fire-fighting systems that are specifically designed to be operated by the fire itself, so it dispenses water in areas where it is needed? The salient feature of these systems is having an adequate water supply that can be pumped via a series of supply pipes, often found at ceiling level, to a series of heat sensitive ‘sprinklers’ that are specifically designed to respond to the thermal conditions caused by a fire.
Which means only fire sprinklers that have been affected by a fire will work and allow water to flow from them onto the fire below. Each sprinkler should cover up to approximately 130 sq ft for normal fires. A fire sprinkler system, while simple in theory, have been created to use a great amount of ingenuity and experience that span over 100 years in order for them to respond more rapidly and reliably to fire conditions, and remain relatively free from complications and faulty operation.
In the late 18th century the need was felt for a fire protection system in buildings where there was always a guard, so any shortcomings of a haphazard system of Fire Watchmen and manually operated fire appliances that often proved ineffective and unreliable could be mitigated. One of the earliest systems, as described by Benjamin Wyatt, was installed in 1812 in the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
At which time, it took ships from the Royal Navy line at least 3 hours of manual labor to weight anchor as they did not have a mechanism other than a hand-operated bilge pump. The system consisted of a cylindrical airtight reservoir that was underground to the rear of the building, that was fed by a 10 inch main which then branched to all the sections of the theatre through transverse pipes, and each one was pierced by a series of half inch diameter holes so they could rain down 2,000 streams of water at one time.
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